home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Games of Daze
/
Infomagic - Games of Daze (Summer 1995) (Disc 1 of 2).iso
/
x2ftp
/
msdos
/
formats
/
fits.txt
/
000000_bschlesinger@n…a.gsfc.nasa.gov_Sat Oct 22 22:31:59 1994.msg
Wrap
Internet Message Format
|
1994-10-22
|
11KB
From: bschlesinger@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (Barry M. Schlesinger)
Newsgroups: sci.astro.fits,sci.data.formats
Subject: FITS basics and information (periodic posting) - 1/2
Followup-To: poster
Date: 18 Oct 1994 17:18 EDT
Organization: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center -- Greenbelt, Maryland USA
Distribution: world
Reply-To: fits@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
NNTP-Posting-Host: nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Summary: This section of the posting contains the table of contents, a
brief introduction to FITS, and a discussion of FITS
documentation.
Last-modified: 1994/10/18
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.41
FITS basics and information, Part 1
Preface
This basic Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) information
is posted and updated periodically by the NASA/Science Office of
Standards and Technology (NOST) FITS Support Office, under the overall
supervision of Donald M. Sawyer (GSFC/NSSDC). It provides a brief
description of FITS and information on software and documentation,
discusses some topics that have appeared on sci.astro.fits, and
answers some questions on FITS frequently received by the FITS Support
Office.
Changes from Previous Month
o Description of FITS software available for xv 3.0 applications
o Information on World Coordinates software available from NRAO
o Reorganized description of the NRAO FITS archive.
o New NOST library hours
Table of Contents
Part 1
Preface
Changes from Previous Month
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 What FITS Is
1.2 How FITS Evolves
1.3 What FITS Is Not
2 FITS Documents
2.1 The FITS Papers
2.2 Binary Tables
2.3 User's Guide
2.4 NOST Definition of FITS
2.5 Floating Point Agreement
2.6 World Coordinates
Part 2
3 Software and Sample Data
3.1 NOST
3.1.1 FITS Product Conformance Tester with Instructions
3.1.2 Header Lister
3.1.3 Error Test Files
3.2 HEASARC
3.2.1 FITSIO
3.2.2 FTOOLS
3.3 ADC FITS Tables Browser
3.4 Converting FITS Files to Image Format
3.4.1 Major Astronomical Imaging Packages
3.4.2 pbm+
3.4.3 IMDISP (IBM/PC)
3.4.4 Applications with xv 3.0
3.4.5 ViewFITS (OS/2)
3.4.6 FITS and the Macintosh
3.5 World Coordinates
4 On-line Information Sources
4.1 NOST
4.2 HEASARC
4.3 NRAO
4.4 HEAFITS exploder
5. Contributors (non-exhaustive list)
6. NOST services
1 Introduction
1.1 What FITS Is
FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) is a data format
designed to provide a means for convenient exchange of astronomical
data between installations whose standard internal formats and
hardware differ. A FITS file is composed of a sequence of Header Data
Units (HDUs). The header consists of keyword=value statements, which
describe the format and organization of the data in the HDU and may
also provide additional information, for example, about instrument
status or the history of the data. The data follow, structured as the
header specifies. The data section of the HDU may contain a digital
image, but, except for the first, *it doesn't have to*. Other
possible formats include tables and multidimensional matrices that are
not images. The first HDU must contain a multidimensional matrix or no
data at all; the data in subsequent HDUs, called extensions, may be of
any type, consistent with certain rules. The "Image" in the name
comes from the original use of the format to transport digital images,
but it's not just for images any more.
FITS supports 5 data types in the multidimensional array of
the first HDU: 8-bit unsigned binary integers, 16-bit twos-complement
signed binary integers, 32-bit twos-complement signed binary integers,
32-bit IEEE-754 standard floating point numbers, and 64-bit IEEE-754
floating point numbers. For signed integers, the byte that includes
the sign bit is first and the byte that has the 1-bit as its least
significant bit is last.
FITS does not support the 16-bit unsigned integer data type
generated by many analog/digital converters. Conforming FITS files
can be produced from such data by subtracting 32768_decimal from the
converter output before writing to the file, while setting the BZERO
keyword in the FITS header equal to 32768 and the BSCALE keyword equal
to 1. A FITS reader will then add 32768 to the value in the file,
restoring the original value, before interpreting it. Whether a
16-bit unsigned data type should be added, and if so, how, is
controversial and under discussion, especially in sci.astro.fits.
1.2 How FITS Evolves
The international authority for FITS is the International
Astronomical Union (IAU) FITS Working Group (IAUFWG), which was given
authority over FITS matters by the 1988 IAU General Assembly. This
Group is associated with the Working Group on Astronomical Data. The
current chair is D. Wells (NRAO) and the vice-chair is
E. Raimond (NFRA). When the developer of a data structure finds that
it does not fit well into an existing standard FITS format, a new
design may be developed. No change can be made that would cause
existing FITS files to be out of conformance -- the "once FITS, always
FITS" rule. A unique name for any new extension type must be
registered with the IAU FITS Working Group, optionally through the
NOST FITS Support Office. After community discussion, most of which
will be electronic, a formal proposal is distributed. This proposal is
discussed by the community and may be further modified. Tests are run
using the new format to confirm that it can be practically used for
data transport. If the astronomical community reaches a consensus that
the proposal should be adopted as standard FITS, and if successful
data transfer using the proposed extension can be demonstrated, it is
submitted for ratification to the regional committees--the European
FITS Committee, the Japanese FITS Committee, and the American
Astronomical Society Working Group on Astronomical Software (WGAS)
FITS Committee. Following approval by the regional committees, it is
submitted to the IAU FITS Working Group. Approval by the Working Group
establishes it as a standard extension.
1.3 What FITS Is Not
FITS is not principally a graphics format designed for the
transfer of pictures; it does not incorporate "FITS viewers", packages
for decoding the data into an image. Users must develop or obtain
separate software to convert the data from the FITS file into a form
that can be readily displayed. There is no standard package for all
applications; section 3.3 discusses some possibilities.
2 FITS Documents
2.1 Published Papers
The fundamental references on FITS are the following five
papers. The first four have often been referred to collectively as
the "Four FITS Papers". These papers are the formal standard for FITS,
endorsed by the IAU.
Wells, D. C., Greisen, E. W., and Harten, R. H., "FITS: a flexible
image transport system," Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series,
44, 363-370, 1981.
Greisen, E. W. and Harten, R. H., "An extension of FITS for small
arrays of data," Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 44,
371-374, 1981.
(NOTE: The format described in this paper has been used almost
exclusively to transport radio interferometry and is likely to be
replaced by other formats in the future. Writing data other than
radio interferometry data using this format is not recommended.)
Grosbol, P., Harten, R. H., Greisen, E. W., and Wells, D. C.,
"Generalized extensions and blocking factors for FITS," Astronomy and
Astrophysics Supplement Series, 73, 359-364, 1988.
Harten, R. H., Grosbol. P., Greisen, E. W., and Wells, D. C., "The
FITS tables extension, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series,
73, 365-372, 1988.
Ponz, J. D., Thompson, R. W., and Munoz, J. R., "The FITS Image
Extension," Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series,
105, 53-55, 1994.
2.2 Binary Tables
On June 15, 1994, the IAU FITS Working Group announced the
acceptance of BINTABLE, the binary table extension, as a standard
extension. Copies of the final proposal are available from the NRAO
site (see section 4.3, in part 2).
2.3 User's Guide
A User's Guide for FITS, commissioned by NASA Headquarters,
is maintained by the NOST FITS Support Office. This Guide is intended
to be a tutorial for new FITS users. In addition to presenting the
rules of FITS, it provides some of the history and reasoning behind
the choice of the rules, adds recommendations on good practices, and
discusses current developments in FITS. The current version, 3.1, was
issued in May 1994.
2.4 NOST Definition of FITS
The NOST has codified FITS as endorsed by the IAU into a
formal standard, eliminating some contradictions and ambiguities in
the original FITS papers. This Definition of FITS, version 1.0, was
developed by a Technical Panel chaired by Dr. Robert J. Hanisch
(STSci), with review by the astronomical community. On June 18, 1993,
it was approved as a NOST Standard by an Accreditation Panel
consisting of the NOST Executive Board and an astronomical community
representative; this review was to confirm that the community had been
given a satisfactory opportunity to review the standard and that the
Technical Panel had properly considered and responded to all comments.
The NOST standard has been submitted to the IAUFWG for
endorsement as the international FITS standard, to replace the
endorsed standard -- originally the four FITS papers, to which the
Floating Point Agreement (section 2.4), and now the IMAGE and binary
table extensions and the physical blocking conventions have been
added. While oversights in non-controversial areas may be rectified
as a result of the review by the IAUFWG, significant changes are
unlikely, because members of this committee were active in the process
of reviewing the standard and their comments were given significant
weight in the deliberations of the Technical Panel.
A new Technical Panel has been formed to draft a revised NOST
definition of FITS, incorporating IMAGE, BINTABLE, and the blocking
agreements.
2.5 Floating Point Agreement
Originally, FITS permitted only integers in the data array
following the first, or primary header. The IAU has since endorsed
the Floating Point Agreement, which specifies the use of IEEE-754
floating point and describes its use in FITS. The basic agreement
appears verbatim in the User's Guide, and the substance is
incorporated in the NOST standard.
2.6 World Coordinates
A draft text of conventions for World Coordinates is currently
under community review. It proposes rules for relating a FITS data
array to the physical quantities the numbers represent, with detailed
discussion of projections from the celestial sphere to the array
plane. It is available electronically from the NRAO site.